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Displacements for all sites

We provide 3-D (North, East & Up) displacements in millimeters for 9039 sites worldwide (Figure 1) due to atmospheric, oceanic and hydrological surface loading processes in the Center-of-Mass (CM) & Center-of-Figure (CF) reference frames.

1. Operationnal products

• ATMIB: atmospheric loading estimated from surface pressure from ECMWF operational model (3 hours), assuming an inverted barometer ocean response to pressure forcing.
• ERA5_IB: atmospheric loading estimated from surface pressure from latest ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA5) (1 hour), assuming an inverted barometer ocean response to pressure forcing,
• ERA5_TUGO: atmospheric loading estimated from surface pressure from latest ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA5) (1 hour), assuming a dynamic ocean response to pressure & winds from TUGO-m barotropic model (update of Carrere & Lyard, 2003),
• ERA5_hydro: hydrology loading (soil moisture and snow), from ERA5 Reanalysis (0.25 degree, 1 hour).
• MERRA2_atm: atmospheric loading estimated from surface pressure from MERRA2 (Gelaro et al., 2017) (1 hour) model, assuming an inverted barometer ocean response to pressure forcing,
• MERRA2_hyd: hydrology loading (soil moisture and snow), estimated from MERRA2 (Gelaro et al., 2017) (1 hour, 0.50x0.625 degree) model. Permanently ice-covered regions have been masked out.
• GLDAS2: hydrology loading (soil moisture, snow and canopy water), estimated from GLDAS/Noah v2.1 (Rodell et al., 2004) (3 hours, 0.25 degree) model. Permanently ice-covered regions (Greenland, Alaska, mountain glaciers, etc.) have been masked out.
• GRACE: hydrology and non-tidal oceanic loading, estimated from NASA GSFC iterated global mascons (RL06v2.0, 1-arc-degree equal area cells) (Luthcke et al., 2013; Loomis & Luthcke, 2016; Loomis et al., 2019). GIA effects are removed using ICE6G_D model (Peltier et al., 2018).
• ECCO2: non-tidal ocean loading estimated from ECCO2 (Menemenlis et al., 2008) ocean bottom pressure (daily, 0.25 degree).

New products: daily average of the time series are now available for the 1-hour & 3-hour products (e.g. ATMIB, all ERA5 & MERRA2 and GLDAS2).

Careful: As TUGO-m model is forced not only by atmospheric pressure but also by surface winds, loading estimates from classical ocean general circulation model (such as ECCO2) should not be added to the (ECMWF+TUGO-m) loading computations.

2. Old products (no more updates)

• ATMMO: atmospheric loading estimated from surface pressure from ECMWF operational model (3 hours), assuming a dynamic ocean response to pressure & winds from TUGO-m barotropic model (Carrere & Lyard, 2003) (3 hour & 0.25 degree).
• ERAin: atmospheric loading estimated from surface pressure from ERA interim (ECMWF Reanalysis) model (6 hours), assuming an inverted barometer ocean response to pressure forcing,
• ERAhyd: hydrology loading (soil-moisture and snow) estimated from ERA interim.
• ECCO: non-tidal ocean loading estimated from ECCO1 (kf080i) (Wunch et al., 2009) ocean bottom pressure (12 hours, about 1 degree),
• GLORYS: non-tidal ocean loading estimated from GLORYS2v3 (Ferry et al., 2012) ocean bottom pressure (daily, 0.25 degree).

We use different land/sea mask models depending on the loading computations; for ECMWF products (operational or reanalysis), we use one with a 0.10-degree resolution, for the others (ECCO, GLORYS, GLDAS & MERRA), we use a 0.25-degree mask. Both of them are derived from the GMT (Generic Mapping Tools) database.

Figure 1: Location of the sites; the names & coordinates can be found here